(Author: Stuart Buxbaum, Vol. 81, #2, Spring-Summer 2026)
Statement and Methodology – from Deconstructed Material to Reconstruction
What follows is an attempt at shedding some light on what was once a Jewish school in Johannesburg, Hillel College.[1] A suggested starting point for the investigation was gleaned from some evidence that the school in its infancy appeared in 1919. With that point of departure, I trolled through the Zionist Record, the community’s long-serving newspaper, for hints, allegations and adverts concerning the school. I attempted to trace its development through the years following its inception, until its closure in the 1950s. In this process, I chanced upon a number of notices advertising other, smaller, Jewish schools. I have included those schools in this essay. These institutions did not have the longevity of Hillel College by any means, but they are included for a broader perspective. The fracturing of those small institutions would, I suggest, have coalesced into greater unity under the umbrella of the Jewish Board of Education. In more recent times, the educational map of Johannesburg Jewry has splintered again, with smaller schools of differing religious movements located in those suburbs more densely settled by the community.
Introduction
A good many months ago, a request for information concerning Herber House and Hillel College, both now defunct hostels for Jewish school children, was widely circulated. The request came from David Wasserman, an ex-South African, now living in Australia. David was seeking to trace his early roots and experiences at these two Jewish institutions in the city.
I was struck by the almost complete lack of information about Hillel College.
It could reasonably be confused with the later establishment of Hillel College in Benoni. That school and hostel served Jewish pupils in the then quite considerable catchment area of towns and cities to the east of Johannesburg. This encompassed Germiston, Brakpan, Benoni, Boksburg, Springs, stretching as far east as Delmas, and possibly beyond. Hillel in Benoni was established in 1967 and finally closed its doors in 1989, although the primary school carried on until 1993. By that time the towns and cities mentioned were almost entirely denuded of their Jewish populations.
In contrast, the history of Herber House hostel has been more fully covered [Ed: see in particular the author’s three-part history of the hostel that appeared in Jewish Affairs: Herber House: “A Hostel for Jewish children (Part I) – Jewish Affairs; Herber House: ‘A Hostel for Jewish Children (Part II) – Jewish Affairs; Herber House: “A Hostel for Jewish children” (Part III) – Jewish Affairs]. It served a very broad geographical area of the country, and indeed of neighbouring Swaziland. Its location is precisely known, its inception and subsequent closure well documented. Here is a picture of the main building of Herber House on 6 South Street, Yeoville, on a kopje overlooking the then Harrow Road, now Joe Slovo Drive. It was built in 1896 for the then mayor of Johannesburg John Dowell Ellis, and demolished circa 1965/1966. J.D Ellis also lent his name to that more famous Johannesburg landmark, visible to the south from Herber House, the hallowed rugby ground of Ellis Park.
Perhaps the most succinct and accurate characterisation of Hillel College comes from an article, written by Lionel Slier, in an unidentified publication, housed in the archives of the Johannesburg Heritage Centre. The brief article is titled “The Mystery of Hillel”.[2] Although that particular column does little to unravel the “mystery of Hillel”, it is surprising that this institution, which existed for about 36 years, has left so little trace in both memory and in documentation. It is, indeed, mysterious. So, this collection of various diverse documents from multiple sources is an attempt at lifting the veil behind which there once flourished a fully-fledged, fully- functioning independent Jewish school in the city, providing education from kindergarten to matric.
It was only serendipity and my very good fortune to have attended a walkabout, guided by Irwin Manoim in October 2025, of the Temple Emanuel campus in Parktown, Johannesburg. Manoim identified the building that once housed the Hillel College. It was this spatial confirmation of the existence of the College that made it a project for research worthy of pursuing. The only reference that I could find to Hillel College was in Margot Rubin’s excellent thesis, “The Jewish Community of Johannesburg, 1886-1939”. [3] This contains an illustrated map of identified Jewish institutions in Johannesburg during the years 1886 and 1939. The map locates Hillel College in a generalized location, not specified exactly in the text.
Crucially, however, Margot Rubin documents her reference in a footnote. The source is the Zionist Record of 21 April 1920, and it is housed in the archives of the SA Jewish Board of Deputies. Although the SAJBD’s library and archives were then in some stage of flux, change and rearrangement, I was afforded the opportunity of searching the excellently maintained, bound copies of the Zionist Record of those years. [5]
After several disappointing sweeps through the Zionist Record looking for Rubin’s reference, this bold advert suddenly appeared:
The headmaster is Israel Levinson. The subjects taught would prepare students for the London and the Cape matriculation examination. Levinson is a storied figure in South African Jewish Education. With the passage of time, his name may no longer be a familiar one. The following biographical sketch is taken from “The Jewish Yearbook, 1965”, [6] and other sources: “Israel Levinson was born in London in 1875 and educated at Jews College in the city. He came to South Africa in 1906 and became the headmaster of the Hebrew High School in Johannesburg, on Von Brandeis square, in 1908. He was the first and only headmaster of Hillel College (1919-1955). In 1916, during WW1, Levinson was chaplain to the forces in German East Africa,[7] and during WW2 he served as chaplain to the Jewish forces, retiring in 1942, “on reaching the age limit” [8] with the rank of captain. By the end of the war, he had been promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel, [9] possibly one of the highest ranks ever achieved by a few Jewish South Africans. Israel Levinson died in 1956.
Levinson’s wife was also involved in the running of the school. Who was she? Rebecca Levinson (nee Davids) was born in London in 1890 and came to South Africa in 1897. She became co-principal of Hillel College, which she established together with her husband. According to a previous boarder of Hillel College in its later years, she was “strict”. After the closure of Hillel College, she went on to teach bible and religion at a school in Sea Point, Cape Town. She would also teach at King David Victory Park during the period 1961-2. [10]
The adverts for Hillel College continue in a few successive issues of the Zionist Record of the early 1920s, until a change is evident. In the June 1921 issue, a bold new advert appears: “H.C” or Hillel College, it is announced, will transfer to North Lodge, Victoria Avenue, in Parktown. Continuing the rivalry of describing the suburb in which these institutions are housed, it is now in the “healthiest part of Johannesburg”. The principals are Israel Levinson and Chas Spiro.
In the Zionist Record of December 31, 1923, at the same address of the previous advert for Hillel College (i.e.1 Hopkins Street corner Harrow Road, now Joe Slovo, Yeoville) there appears a new institution. It is now named “Eber Hebrew College”, and the principal is J.S. Judelowitz. It is still a “Boarding Home” and suggests it is “the only Hebrew College” and boarding home in the country, teaching the Hebrew language and literature to matric level. It receives plaudits in the advert from the Chief Rabbi, J.L. Landau. It suggests that Yeoville “is one of the finest suburbs in Johannesburg”. It is still a boarding home and “the only Hebrew College….in South Africa.” It teaches the Hebrew language and literature to matric level.
By the end of 1923, as advertised in the Zionist Record on the last day of that year, Hillel College has now significantly expanded. Whereas previously it seems to have had boarding and educational facilities only for boys at “North Lodge”, it now boasts additional premises at “Ottowa”, for girls, in St Andrews Road, Parktown.
According to the Heritage Register in Johannesburg, “North Lodge was modelled on French and Scottish Castles, designed by Herbert Aldwyncle and built in in 1906, for the “Oats King”, Henry Wilson. The house is (now) owned by Wits University and used as a students’ residence. [11] In the “battle of the suburbs”, Hillel College in Parktown wins it over “Eber” Hebrew College in Yeoville.
In the Zionist Record of 30 May, 1924, Hillel College proudly advertises glowing scholastic achievements of some of its students. It also shows the range of subjects on offer, emphasising a “sound Jewish and secular education from the kindergarten stage to matriculation.” A refined home amid beautiful surroundings.
Meanwhile, in Yeoville, another Hebrew school is advertised (Zionist Record, 30 May, 1924). The address is 35 Hunter Street, Yeoville. The headmaster is Mr. I. Pollack. Accommodation is offered.
Again, drawing the attention of readers to the Parktown campus, an advertisement in the Zionist Record of 8 April, 1925, appears. Hillel College shows the full range of their educational programmes, from Kindergarten to Matriculation.
The boys board at North Lodge; the girls are at Ottawa House. The Heritage Foundation in Johannesburg has records of ownership of Ottawa house. In 1914 it is listed as being the residence of A.R. Aspinall, who in 1902 was a teacher at Parktown Boys School. In later years, from 1928 until 1955, it was owned by Mr. F. A. Unger,[13] who was one of the onsite managing directors of Anglo-American.[14] However, for North Lodge, a different picture emerges. The Levinsons owned North Lodge from 1921/2 (the year of the Rand Rebellion) until 1931. “In 1921 North Lodge once again changed hands, this time to a Mrs Levinson who ran the Hillel College from the house”.[15] Corroborating evidence is provided: “at the same address, the voter’s registers list Mr. Levinson as the Principal and Mr. Spiro as a teacher at Hillel College in 1923 and Mr. Levinson as a teacher and Mr. Spiro as a Doctor of Law in 1927, both still resident at North Lodge”.[16] Although Mrs. Levinson is shown to be the owner of North Lodge, her name does not appear on the Voter’s List. A reason for this absence could be that women in South Africa gained the right to vote only in 1930. And it was in 1930 that North Lodge again changed ownership. “It was bought by Mrs. le Seur and thereafter [it] became a boarding house until the University acquired it in 1966”.[17]
In later years, the school would find other premises. Irwin Manoim, a co-founder of the Weekly Mail newspaper (now the Mail and Guardian) and historian of the Progressive Jewish Movement in South Africa,[18] locates the school on the current premises of Temple Emanuel. In an article written in celebration of 80 years (1936-2016) of the existence of Temple Israel in the Johannesburg suburb of Hillbrow, Manoim writes: “Beit Emanuel, originally called Temple Emanuel, was founded in July 1954 on a run-down property on Oxford Road in Parktown adjoining Brenthurst, the Oppenheimer residence. The property had previously been used as an Orthodox high school for boys.” [19] This would refer to Hillel College.
Indeed, this is corroborated by an advert that appears in the Zionist Record of July 26, 1940. Proudly, it draws the attention of the public to the school located at 38 Oxford Road, Parktown, opposite the Rosebank Bus Stop # 22. By this date, the school has been in existence for 21 years. It offers a “sound general and commercial education” for boys.
Moving out of Johannesburg, but nevertheless within the geographic familiarity of the City’s residents, lies the small town of Meyerton. It is situated approximately 15 kilometres north of Vereeniging, in the then Transvaal, now Gauteng province. A peaceful, largely rural area, it lies in the environs of the Klip River. The other large town in its environment is Vanderbijlpark. The Jewish population of this area was fairly sparse. The towns owed their presence essentially to the heavy industry in that area, reliant on primary, secondary and tertiary employment, dominated by the steel manufacturing giant, Iscor. In 1970, the area dominated by the two large towns registered the presence of 720 Jews, 480 being male and 240 being female. [20] Going back a decade to the census results of 1960, the Jewish population of this area was similarly, a total of 731. [21] Vanderbijlpark was established only after World War 2, so the Jewish population in the area at the time of the hostel would have been considerably smaller. It is not known from the single advert found, how long the boarding school operated, but it could have acted as an interceptor of Jewish pupils from areas in the larger region who may otherwise have been destined for Hillel College.
Damelin College in Johannesburg was founded in 1943, almost 25 years after the founding of Hillel College. It was established by Benjamin Damelin. The college would have a considerable component of Jewish pupils. Taking but one example, the poet Lionel Abrahams, (b 1928), attended Damelin College, according to a brief online article. [22] He would have attended, probably, around the years 1943/1945. By extension, it is suggested that the college would find quite considerable purchase among Jewish pupils. By moving into the city centre, easily accessible on the many bus routes from the surrounding suburbs, Damelin would become an even more comfortable educational institution of choice for pupils in the community. The reputation of Isaac Kriel as an educator was an added attraction. This would not have been lost on the headmaster of Hillel College. It impacted on the pool of Jewish pupils who may otherwise have fallen within the “trade area” of Hillel.
It would seem that the period from 1948 through the early 1950s would, via the establishment of the King David Schools system, have placed severe pressure on other independent Jewish schools like Hillel College, eventually leading to their closure. That property in the grounds of Beit Emanuel, would in later years, become known as the Benny Stalson School.
Could there have been a different outcome for Hillel College? Levinson claimed that as far back as 1945, there were plans for the modernisation of the facility. In the 14 May 1954 Zionist Record article referred to earlier, Levinson is quoted: “A magnificent £50,000 building was to be erected, and the SA Jewish Board of Education was to partner the venture. Unfortunately, these plans did not mature.”
In 1945 however, the SAJBE (established as “a South African Board of Hebrew Education” during August 1928 in Bloemfontein) [23] had other ideas in mind. Herber House, the so-called “hostel for Jewish Children” had been opened. It was a hostel for both girls and boys. It would no doubt have had some impact on Hillel College as it gave some freedom of choice to the boarders as to which school they could attend. Gradually however, those boarders would largely attend the Board’s King David Schools, rivalling Hillel College.
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While trawling the volume “South African Jewry, 1965”,[24] for a project on German Jewish refugees who came to South Africa in the 1930s, interspersed among the very many biographies of South African Jewry, I came across several noteworthy persons who at one time attended Hillel College. Two of them were Isidore Morris Barnett and Maurice Ostroff. Both of these two rather random, once-upon-a-time Hillel pupils were among the 10 000 South African Jews who served in the Union’s Defence Forces during World War 2. Ministering to these Jewish soldiers were a number of full-time chaplains. Among them was Hillel College headmaster Israel Levinson [25]. Barnett, born in Lourenco Marques in September 1916, was educated at Hillel College, Hebrew High School and Athlone High School. He was in later life the Honorary Treasurer of the South African Jewish Board of Education. He served in WW2 as W/O in the South African Intelligence Corps. [26] Ostroff, born in 1925, was educated at Hillel College, the Johannesburg Technical High School and Witwatersrand University. During WW2 he served in the South African Corps of Signals, and in Mahal in the 1948 Israeli War of Independence.[27]
To add to this small list of once Hillel pupils is Max Baise, a famous Jewish South African rugby referee whose story, authored by Steven Katzew, appeared in the Autumn-Winter 2026 issue of Jewish Affairs. [28] The following is an extract from that article: “After Max’s tragically losing his mother Rachel to a stroke when he was 11, his father Barney, in deep mourning for his dear wife and partner in imbuing Jewish values in their three children beyond the embrace of mainstream Jewish communities, sent him to Hillel High School in Johannesburg, a school for Jewish children. There, in addition to instruction in secular subjects, Hebrew was taught especially to help Jewish boys prepare for their barmitzvah readings. The school, together with its hostel for pupils from out of town, was housed on the site of present-day Temple Emanuel at 38 Oxford Road, Parktown North, Johannesburg.”
Possibly one of Hillel College’s more famous graduates was one of the founders’ daughters, Jeanette Carlson (nee Levinson).[29] She was born in June 1929, the youngest daughter of Israel and Rebecca Levinson’s six children. “Hillel College (is) where she was raised.”[30] In 1953, she married Joel Carlson, a Human Rights lawyer and an opponent of the apartheid system in South Africa. She served as the regional chairperson of the Black Sash from 1965-1967. [31] The Carlsons, under threat from the government of the day, left South Africa and eventually lived in Long Island, USA. She passed away at the age of 91.
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Questions, questions, questions……..
Although a picture of Hillel College has been illuminated via this (self-imposed!) research project, very many questions remain unanswered. Some of these can be enumerated
(1) How many pupils graduated from this institution, via matriculation, over the many years of its existence?
(2) What was, approximately, the annual number of school pupils?
(3) When did the relocation of Hillel College from the two splendid residences in Parktown West to Oxford Road take place?
(4) Crucially, the College began as a school for boys once established in Yeoville. It then moved to two upmarket residences in Parktown, one housing boys and another housing girls. In its later years, it reverted to a boys-only institution. When did these changes occur?
Referring to the questions posed in #1 and #2, the limitations of this retrospective look at Hillel College are self-evident. The article lacks the evidence that is often associated with an attempt to recreate an institution from impersonal sources, such as advertisements and biographies. Personal recollections and school records are glaringly absent – the voice of past pupils has not been heard. Could there be hiding, somewhere in an attic or a basement of a past scholar, or in his or her family’s home, a forgotten old school suitcase or satchel, stuffed full of school memorabilia, with class photographs and school magazines? Are there some ex-school pupils, admittedly now of an older generation, who still have some vivid memories of the school? Emigration may have scattered many of these cohorts of students throughout those countries most favored for resettlement. An example is the case of David Wasserman from Australia, whose enquiry spurred on this project. But Wasserman himself admits to a further core issue in relying on such evidence: his own recollections are dim indeed. “Photographs and Memories”, sings Jim Croce, “(are) all I can remember you by”.[32] Photographs and memories could certainly resurrect a more personal illumination of the schooldays of yore.
Referring to the question posed in #3, the first evidence of the shift to 38 Oxford Road, Parktown in this incomplete search of sources, is July 1940. But this is not definitive. The move would certainly have taken place prior to this date. Writing about “North Lodge”, one of the residences that housed Hillel College, the author Glynton le Roux has referenced the sale of that building by Mrs. Levinson to Mrs. Le Seur in 1930.[33] Could this sale then have prompted the move to 38 Oxford Road?
There is some circumstantial evidence to substantiate this suggestion. The earlier reported biography of Max Baise refers. Baise seems to have departed Hoopstad for schooling when he was eleven years old, circa 1933. He would have left Hillel probably two or so years later, before his barmitzvah. Katzew clearly indicates that Baise attended the College at 38 Oxford Road. This suggests its establishment on those premises already at that time.
Regarding the question posed in #4, Hillel College shifted its student body between being at times a school for boys, then later a co-educational institution, and reverting again to a boys-only institution. It seems clear that as the school moved in the early years from Yeoville to Parktown West, where it occupied Ottawa House for girls, and North Lodge for boys, it functioned as a co-educational college. Speculation as to when the college reverted to a boys-only institution, as at its inception in the suburb of Yeoville in 1919/20, can be attempted: Jeanette Carlson, (nee Levinson), was born in 1929. [“Her parents founded the predominantly Jewish boarding school in Johannesburg, where she was raised.”[34] If the phrase “where she was raised” is taken to mean that she was once a pupil at Hillel, then presumably at least in the early nineteen thirties, it would have been open to girls. Alternatively, it has been hypothesised that the move to 38 Oxford Road took place after the sale of North Lodge in 1930. It is then presumed that with this move, Hillel reverted to its earlier iteration as a boys-only school.
Hillel College was a brave, dedicated and idealistic project to establish a Jewish school for educating the community’s young scholars. Most Jewish scholars in the city, however, and indeed beyond its boundaries, attended established government schools well into the second half of the 20th Century. In many cases, the Jewish contingent constituted a considerable percentage of the total number of pupils at those schools, of which the majority were, and still are, single gendered. The trend of attendance at government schools has largely ceased, with the community’s scholars attending Jewish schools under the aegis of the SABJE, or those under the auspices of specific religious movements in the city.
Concluding Remarks: The Outlier
Throughout the period covered in this review of some Jewish schools in Johannesburg, in particular that of Hillel College, one school stands out in terms of its longevity. This school was established in 1893 soon after the discovery of the gold reef on the Witwatersrand. The discovery of the reef and its exploitation, in turn, propelled the explosive growth of Johannesburg. This school would in 1902, become the Jewish Government Primary School. It was established to assist Eastern European immigrant children. The school was situated on the corner of End and Hancock Streets in the suburb of Doornfontein. This suburb would be heavily populated by members of the Jewish community for at least the next five decades. From its initial early address, the school would later be located on the corner of Beit and Davies Streets in Doornfontein.
The school would serve the community until the upward mobility of its members caused a spatial shift of families to the Northeastern suburbs of the city. In 1966, the Jewish Government Primary School was renamed the I.H. Harris Primary School.[35] Successive headmasters were A.M. Abrahams (1902-1925); I.H. Harris (1925-1940); A. Arenson (1940-1956); C. Pakter (1957-1960) and A. Don (1961-1968).[36][37]
Visible among the list of young boys and girls on the commemorative panel is the name of Joseph Daleski, a bursar in 1909. He would become a chairman of the South African Revisionist Organisation, a vice-chairman of the S.A. Zionist Federation, and an executive member of the S.A. Jewish Board of Deputies. [38]
- Stuart Buxbaum, a regular contributor to Jewish Affairs, holds an honours degree in Sociology from Wits University (1970) and an honours degree in Judaica from UNISA (1984). After working in the social research unit of the SA Jewish Board of Deputies in the early 1970s, he farmed for many years in Mpumalanga. His previous contributions to Jewish Affairs include a three-part history of Herber House, a boarding facility for Jewish youth from the country districts attending King David school, which appeared in 2019-2020.
NOTES & REFERENCES
[1] Census figures for the population of Johannesburg Jewry are pertinent for the period of the existence of Hillel College. Enumerations in successive censuses show the Jewish population of the city as follows. Certainly, these figures justified the establishment of a school for the community. The figures are Census of 1918: 20,172; Census of 1921: 22,312; Census of 1926: 25,871; Census of 1936: 38,847; Census of 1946: 50,371; Census of 1951: 53,352; Census of 1960: 57,806. Data taken from Berro, L and Buxbaum, S, “Statistics of the Jewish Community in South Africa: 1911-1960”. Monograph prepared for The Social Research Unit of the S.A. Jewish Board of Deputies, 1972.
[2] “The Mystery of Hillel”. Untitled source. The Heritage Foundation, Johannesburg.
[3] Rubin, M.W., The Jewish Community of Johannesburg, 1886-1939: Landscapes of Reality and Imagination. M.A, Dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
[4] ibid.
[5] I wish to record my thanks to the following: Erich Mathobo, librarian and archivist , SAJBD, for his unstinting help to me on this, and on other past projects; Irwin Manoim, for having led an architectural tour of the Beit Emanuel Synagogue terrain on which is housed the once upon a time Hillel College, as well as for his generous sharing of information and comments about Hillel from his own records; and to Dianna Steel, from the Johannesburg Heritage Foundation, for having encouraged “everyone at the Research Centre getting involved in ferreting out the little snippets which I hope will contribute to the big picture at the end.” Indeed, they did!
[6] Rubin, The Jewish Community of Johannesburg
[7] South African Jewry 1965. Leon Feldberg (editor). Fieldhill Publishing Co. (pty) ltd, Johannesburg, 1965. p220
[8] Zionist Record, 14 May, 1954
[9] South African Jews in World War 11. Published by the South African Jewish Board of Deputies, Eagle Press Limited, Johannesburg, 1950
[10] South African Jewry, op cit p220
[11] https://sahistory.org.za/place/north-lodge-parktown-johannesburg
[12] http://www.heritageregister.org.za/node/808
[13] The Heritage Foundation email 24 November 2025. Document PKT.OXFD.038.M
[14] F.A. Unger was one of the onsite Managing Directors of Anglo-American. He “observed several years later that the mines where white workers were most eager to strike and where many quickly joined the Rand Rebellion in March 1922 were also those where working costs remained stationary or fell sharply: that is where white miners were squeezed hardest by the new policies. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/if-your-ox-does-not-pull-what-are-you-going-to-do-persistent-violence-in-south-africas-deeplevel-gold-mines-and-its-contribution-to-the-1922-rand-rebellion/9F4A848BBA10D783D25C9625DB3837CF”
[15] le Roux, Glynton. “North Lodge”. Document number 19, The Heritage Foundation, Johannesburg.
[16] “North Lodge and Otawa House,Parktown. Email correspondence with The Heritage Foundation, referencing PXT.OXFD.038 M_nd Hillel High .pdf
[17] le Roux, op. cit
[18] Manoim, Irwin. Mavericks Inside the Tent: A History of Progressive Judaism in South Africa. UCT Press, 2019.
[19] Manoim Irwin, “Temple Israel 80: 1936 – 2016. Commemorative publication: http://www.templeisraelh.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Temple-Israel-magazine_2016_sml-2.pdf
[20] Dubb, A.A and Della Pergola S., South African Jewish Population Study, Advance Report number 9. “Geographic Distribution and Mobility”. Institute of Contemporary Jewry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1978
[21] Berro, L, and Buxbaum, S, op. cit.
[22] Lionel Abrahams. https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/poets/poet/102-5380_Abrahams
[23] Katz, M.E. ‘The history of Jewish Education in South Africa, 1841-1980’, PhD thesis, University of Cape Town, August 1980, pp333-8
[24] Feldberg, Leon, (ed), South African Jewry, 1965 Edition. Fieldhill Publishing Co. (Pty), Ltd
[25] ‘Three Full-time Chaplains’ in Zionist Record, 29 November 1940. The article dates from 1940, with the war just a year old. In the publication by the Board of Deputies after the war, it lists 15 full-time Jewish chaplains, and 15 part-time Jewish chaplains, who at some stage, ministered to the Jewish troops at home and in other theatres of the war. South African Jews in World War 11, op cit. pp 149-150.
[26] South African Jewry, 1965, p205
[27] Ibid. p351
[28] Katzew, Steven, ‘He lived his dream – Test Rugby’s first Jewish referee’, Jewish Affairs, Vol. 81, #1, Autumn-Winter, 2026
[29] Jeanette Carlson. https://sahistory.org.za/jeanette-carlson
[30] ibid.
[31] The Black Sash. https://www.blacksash.org.za
[32] Jim Croce. Photographs and Memories lyrics © Sony/ATV Music Publishing LLC, Warner/Chappell Music, Inc, BMG Rights Management US, LLC
[33] Le Roux, op. cit
[34] Jeanette Carlson article, op. cit
[35] https://sajmarchives.com/jewish-government-schools-harris-school-name-change-newspaper-article. “Sunday Express”, 5 June 1966.
[36] https://sajmarchives.com/jewish-government-schools-untitled-1
[37] https://kehila.net/tag/jewish-government-school/
[38] https://www.jta.org/archive/south-african-zionists-revisionists-hold-conference-in-johannesburg.
